TABLE OF CONTENTS

“rei Otto
PREFACE
SUN SAILS IN ROMAN THEATRES
- Terminology
- Theatre buildings in the Roman empire
- Size, ground plan and orientation
DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
Theatres equipped with vela
Awings and theatre marquees
from Roman times until today
Convertible canvas roofs
from 1954 onwards.
Attempts at reconstruction and
interpretation of velum roofs
Reconstructions of Graefe 1974 - 78
HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AND TECHNICAL
POSSIBILITIES
HAS THERE BEEN A DEVELOPMENT?
THE FUNCTIONS OF THF VELA

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- Function protection against the sun
- Function room acoustics
- Function protection against rain
LOADING
- Wind
- Wind turbulence
- The force of the wind
- Heavy and light roofs
FORCES, MASSES, DIMENSIONS
The simple horizontal cantilever roof
Roofs which are suspended from masts
The suspended cantilevered roof
Roofs hanging an short boundary masts
The hanging (inverted) dome
The suspended canvas ring
The flat-stretched skin
Sails
Flat spanned membrane ring
Tent roof with masts
Tent dome
Summary
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE VELA
- Introduction
1. Mast anchorages
7. Masts
3. Cantilevers
4. The canvas

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- 5. Ropes, lines and belts
- 6. Mountings, winches and pulley blocks
BUNCHING, MOVING AND STOWING OF VELA
- Bunching
Details which make bunching possible
The mechanics of moving vela
Stowage
Stowing of poles
Stowing of cables
The stowing of the bunched canvas
THE CANTILEVER ROOF
- The pillar roof
- The frame roof
- Vela running on fixed poles
Roofs suspended from a single pole
Canvas suspended from two poles
Canvas suspended between parallel poles
with a front transverse batten
Cloths suspended from several poles
The suspended cantilever roof
The 1ifting of cantilever roofs
THE SAIL-TYPE ROOF
FLAGS AND SAILS ON BUILDINGS
- The use of flags as awings
- Ships sails used on buildings
THE SUSPENDED CANVAS RING
- Further model studies
(Atelier Warmbronn) 1979
THE INVERTED DOME
THE TENT ROOF
THE DOMED TENT RING
THE TENT DOME
REFLECTIONS ON THE MURAL OF POMPEII
40W CAN WE PROCEED?

Rainer Graefe
ROMAN THEATRE VELA - COMMENTS
ON A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS

jeribert Hamann, José Luis Moro
TOLDOS

3erthold Burkhardt
CONVERTIBLE SUN ROOFS IN JAPAN

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Frei Otto, Johannes Fritz
THE AMPHITHEATRE IN TRIER
- Preliminary remark
- The amphitheatre
- Did the amphitheatre in Trier have
a velum?
The tent roof with masts
The suspended cantilever roof
The suspended ring segment
Sub-divided suspended ring segment
Raised suspended ring segment
Notes on restoration
Suspended ring segment above the
western spectators' stands
A protective glass roof above the
southern gateway

Berthold Burkhardt
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF INSOLATED
AND SHADED AREAS
THE HORIZONTAL SUNDIAL
THE SUN-SHADE MACHINE
- Setting of latitude
- Time of day
- Height of the sun and month
- Tripod and photography

Johannes Fritz
PROJECTS AND IDEAS
- Horizontal grid shade
- Sun shade with stretched bars
» 'Feather' shade

Rainer Graefe
SHEET METAL TENTS
SCHINKEL'S SHEET METAL TENTS
AND SUCCESSORS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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