Bauplatz und Werkstatt : Monats-Zeitschr. d. Staatlichen Beratungsstelle für das Baugewerbe / hrsg. vom Württembergischen Landesgewerbeamt: Für Bauplatz und Werkstatt / Monats-Zeitschrift der staatlichen Beratungsstelle für das Baugewerbe

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Titel:: Bauplatz und Werkstatt : Monats-Zeitschr. d. Staatlichen Beratungsstelle für das Baugewerbe / hrsg. vom Württembergischen Landesgewerbeamt

Erscheinungsort:: Stuttgart

Erscheinungsverlauf:: 19XX

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Persistenter Identifier:: 1676899253746_1933

Titel:: Für Bauplatz und Werkstatt / Monats-Zeitschrift der staatlichen Beratungsstelle für das Baugewerbe

Herausgeber:: Württembergisches Landesgewerbeamt

Jahrgang/Band:: Jg. 1933, Bd. 28, Heft 1/12

Verleger/Verlag:: Staatliche Beratungsstelle für das Baugewerbe

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1933

Sprache:: deutsch

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Standort:: Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart

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Cetass 5 xiyo. | Analysis of Boiler Feed-Waters. 5 referring, aniong other matters, to the reversal of some It ¢id not seem unnatural that the bases should increase ines in the solar spectrum, I remarked *:— their complexity by a process of continual multiplication, «It is obvious that greater attention will have to be the factor being 1, 2, or even 3, if conditions were avail given to the precise character as well as to the pesition able under which the temperature of their environment >f each of the Fraiinhofer lines, in the thickness of which should decrease, as we imagined it to do from the furnace I have already observed several anomalies. I may refer A down to furnace D. This would bring about a condi- more particularly at present to the two IH lines 3933 and on of molecular complexity in’which the proportion of 1968 belonging fo calcium, which are much thicker in all the Pe ecular weight of a substance so produced in a Shotographs of the solar spectrum [I might have added combination with another substance would go on con- that they were by far the thickest lines in the solar tinually increasing. . ] . spe@rum] than the largest calcium line of this region Another method of increasing molecular complexity (4226-3), this latter being invariably thicker than the would be represented by the addition of molecules of H lines in all photographs of the calcium spectrum, and different origins, Representing the first method by A+ A, ‘emaining, moreover, visible in the spectrum of substances '¢ could represent the second by A+B. A variation of sontaining calcium in such small quantities as not to the last process would consist in a still further com- show any traces of the H lines. plexity being brought about by the addition of another « How far this and similar variations between photo. wWolecule of B, so that instead of (A+B); merely, we graphic records and the solar spectrum are due to causes should have A+ Be. . ‘ncident to the photographic record itself, or to variations Of these three processes the first one seemed that which n the intensities of the various molecular vibrations it Was possible to attack under the best conditions, because under solar and terrestrial conditions, are questions which the consideration of impurities was eliminated; the prior np to the present time I have been unable to discuss.” work has left no doubt upon the mind about such and such lines being due to calcium, others to iron, and so An Objection Discussed. forth. That is to say, they are visible in the spectra of I was careful at the very commencement of this paper these substances as a rule. The inquiry took this form io point out that the conclusions I have advanced are Jranting that these lines are special to such and such a sased upon the analogies furnished by those bodies substance, does each become basic in turn as the tem- which, by common consent and beyond cavil and discus. Perature is changed? Lo. . sion, are compound bodies. Indeed, had I not been careful I therefore began the search by reviewing the evidence to urge this point the remark might have been made that concerning calcium and seeing if hydrogen, iron, and <he various changes in the spectra to which I shall draw lithium behaved in the same way. attention are not the results of successive dissociations, (To be continued) “ut are effe@s due to putting the same mass into different kinds of vibration or of producing the vibration in different ways. Thus the many high notes, both true and false, which can be produced out of a bell with or without its jundamental one, might have been put forward as analogous with those spedral lines which are produced at- different degrees of temperature with or without the line, due to each substance when vibrating visibly with :he lowest temperature. To this argument, however, if it were brought forward, the reply would be that it proves too much. If it demonstrates that the . hydrogen line in the sun is produced by the same molecular grouping of hydrogen as that which gives us two green lines only when the weakest possible spark is taken in hydrogen ‘nclused in a large glass globe, it also proves that calcium is identical with its salts. For we can get the spectrum of any of the salts alone without its common base, calcium, as we can get the green lines of hydrogen with. out the red one. I submit, therefore, that the argument founded on the overnotes of a sounding body, such as a bell, cannot be nrged by any one who believes in the existence of any compound bodies at all, because there is no spectroscopic break between acknowledged compounds and the sup- Josed elementary bodies, The speéroscopic differences setween calcium itself at different temperatures is, as I shall show, as great as when we pass from known com- sounds of calcium to calcium itself. There is a perfect zontinuity of phenomena from one end of the scale of temperature to the other. Inquiry into the Probable Arrangement of the Basic Molecules. As the results obtained from the above considerations seemed to be so far satisfadtory, inasmuch as they at once furnished an explanation of the basic lines actually ob- served, the inquiry seemed worthy of being carried to a ‘urther stage. The next point I considered was to obtain a clear mental view of the manner in which, on the principle of evolution, various bases might now be formed, and then become basic themselves. Being frequently engaged in the analysis of boiler feed- waters, I have found, as a result of several years’ ex- perience, that unless the person to whom a report is submitted happens to be possessed of considerable chemical knowledge, a statement giving an exhaustive analysis of a water residue is apt to be very much more puzzling than edifving, and, as a matter of fad, such an analysis is by no means necessary to the purpose of seleting waters for boiler use. A much more simple method of procedure has stcod one in good stead in several difficult cases, and is the one I always follow, of course with modifications to meet special requirements. Most of the readers of the CHEMICAL NEWS will be familiar with the chara@eristics of a good boiler water, but for the sake of making more complete the description of the mode of working, I may be allowed to point them out as follow :— t. Freedom from any very appreciable quantity of suspended mineral matter, 2. Absence of any trace of mineral acids or of acid salts, or corrosive salts of any kind. 3. Absence of oily or fatty substances. 4. A good boiler water should not contain more than 30 grains solids per gallon, and not more than half of this should precipitate on boiling under pressure. Some little consideration is here due to the statements thus made. For example, the amount of suspended mineral matter a boiler water may contain is, to a great extent, governed by the quantities of carbonates of lime and magnesia, and sulphate of lime it contains, and by the manner in which the boiler is fed. If a water gave a coherent deposit on boiling, I should feel bound to object to more than 2z or 3 grains of mineral matters per gallon in. suspension, as tending to augment and harden such deposit; and, again, if a boiler were to be fed without subsidence or filmation, the same obje&ion would hold Phil. T1ans.. vol. clxiv.. part 2. n. 807

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Objekt: Chemical news and Journal of physical science (Volume 39, 1879 (January - June))

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